Electrical Connection Autumn 2015

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popular in Europe. It also requires back
surface treatment to increase light trapping, in
particular for the near infra-red wavelengths.
The use of gratings on the back surface
increases light trapping and overall efficiency.
Rating the performance of solar panels
from a large list of manufacturers is a
daunting task. The international journal
Photon evaluates panels and inverters on a
scientific basis, sometimes for years.
The primary number is ‘yield’, the ratio
of kilowatt/hours (generated over a fixed
period) to kilowatt power rating. The tests
are conducted during Northern Hemisphere
summers and winters.
The October 2014 issue of Photon
indicates that the best yield rating was for
a Chinese mono-crystalline panel installed
in 2013. A close inspection of the 110 listed
products reveals that most are from Chinese
manufacturers. However, it is difficult to know
the extent of joint ventures, technology
agreements, licences, etc.
Ratings also take durability into account, so
quality and certification issues are important
rather than the underlying science. Panel
scratches, cracks caused by poor soldering,
and damaged charge-transfer fingers are
likely to affect output and longevity.
Certification is important as a measure
of trust. However, some certification is not
genuine. Certification bodies include TUV
Rheinland, TUV Sud, VDE (all in Germany), SGS
(Switzerland) and Intertek (United States).
Solar panel samples need to be submitted
following a factory audit, then accelerated
tests including mechanical and temperature
tests lasting several months. International
certifications include IEC 61215, IEC 61646
(specific for thin film panels) and IEC 61730 for
electrical safety.
Electrical safety aspects, as covered by
the IEC Standard, are often unsatisfactory.
Failure of the wet leakage test due to faulty
connectors is not a rare event.
Part of the problem is that there is no
Standard covering PV connectors. The
nearest one that could be used is EN50521,
which covers thermal cycles and damp
heat testing. According to TUV, wet leakage
current is one of the most frequent failures.
In the Australian market, the performance
and durability of products from China
and Europe are generally warranted.
However, watch out for parallel imports
which have no valid warranty or may be
rebranded products.
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